Liked on YouTube: The Quantum Mechanical model of an atom. What do atoms look like? Why?

The Quantum Mechanical model of an atom. What do atoms look like? Why?
Go to https://ift.tt/30gpmQw you can sign up for free. And also, the first 200 people will get 20% off their annual premium membership. When Ernest Rutherford realized that atoms have a heavy nucleus, he hypothesized that the way the moon orbits earth is the same as the way an electron orbits the nucleus of atoms. We now know an atom would not look anything like this. So what does an atom really look like? Why are atoms so small? Why doesn’t an electron fall onto the proton in the nucleus if they attract each other? Why can’t you squeeze an atom, if it is mostly empty space? It turns out it is not mostly empty space. And you may be shocked at what it is actually filled with. The answers lie in the equations of quantum mechanics. One big problem with the Rutherford model is that when electrons are accelerated, as they would be in circular orbits, they create electromagnetic waves. This means that photons would be constantly radiated from the electron, causing it to lose energy. So using classical laws for the atom just did not work. In 1900, Max Planck showed that matter emitted only discrete amounts of radiation, with energy E proportional to the frequency f – the proportionality constant h, being Planck’s constant. Neil’s Bohr combined Rutherford’s model and Planck’s theory to hypothesize that the electron could exist in certain special orbits without radiating energy. Planck’s constant had units of angular momentum. So he hypothesized that only those orbits would be allowed where the angular momentum of the electron is quantized. He guessed that the lowest orbit would have the momentum h/2pi where the 2pi comes from the geometry of circular orbits. And any orbit could exist as long as it was an integer multiple of this number. But Bohr could not explain why these special orbits should exist in the first place. French scientist, Louis de Broglie said if a particle has a momentum and a wavelength, then an electron is a wave. This required a huge philosophical leap, because he was said solid matter was composed of waves. DeBroglie suggested that electrons can only exist in orbits where their waves interfere constructively, and that can only happen if the circumference of the orbit is equal to any integer times the wavelength. This explained why orbits would be at the radii that they are, something that Bohr could not do. What is the nature of these waves? This puzzle was solved by Austrian physicist, Erwin Schrodinger. He said a wave can exist anywhere in 3D space, and formulated the rules to describe these waves in the Schrodinger equation. This equation could described the hydrogen atom with more detail and precision than the Bohr model, as well as all the other atoms in the periodic table. This was a new kind of mechanics - quantum mechanics. Why can't we just look inside any material to see what atoms look like? The problem is that in order to be seen, the object has to be large enough to reflect light. But the largest atom is 1000 times smaller than a wavelength of visible light. So visible light just goes right through the atoms. So we have to guess based on what the wave equation tells us. It tells us is that the electron forms a cloud around the nucleus. The shape of the cloud is governed by the wave function. The cloud represents the probable position of the electron if you were to measure it. The volume of the atom is thus not empty. It is filled everywhere with a cloud of electrons. We can use the Schrodinger wave equation to find the electron probability. The highest probability occurs at 0.529 X 10^-10 meters, which is exactly the same radius calculated by Bohr. So the most probable radius obtained from quantum mechanics is identical to the radius calculated by classical mechanics. In Bohr’s model, the electron was assumed to be at this distance all the time, but in the Schrödinger model, it is at this distance only some of the time. It has the highest probability of being at this radius, but it could be elsewhere too. The difference is due to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and the wave function. And the same wave equation tells us that the nucleus of atoms is also a cloud. But the proton cloud is much smaller than the electron cloud because it is much more massive. There are other shapes that the cloud of the hydrogen atoms could take as well, depending on the energy level and quantum state of the electron. #whatdoatomslooklike #atomicmodel #quantummechanics Why doesn’t the electron crash into the proton in the nucleus? Even if you drop an electron directly onto a proton, the electron will not fall and hit the proton - Because it would violate the Heisenberg uncertainty equation - both delta X and delta P would be zero. This can't be. Why can’t I squeeze two atoms together? It would require too much energy. Link to paper showing direct photo of Hydrogen atom: https://ift.tt/2D9OCPL
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fP2TAw7NnVU

Liked on YouTube: Cosmic Time is UNIMAGINABLY HUGE! Let's fix that.

Cosmic Time is UNIMAGINABLY HUGE! Let's fix that.
We measure geologic time millions of years and cosmic time in the billions. These numbers seem impossible to understand, so let's get some perspective with a different unit: the galactic year. ________________________________ VIDEO ANNOTATIONS/CARDS Solar System Model: https://youtu.be/iGV4y2W2SOE How old is the Universe? https://youtu.be/AEdi4josuwo Photosynthesis: https://youtu.be/rvFMBRnR3ms ________________________________ RELATED YOUTUBE VIDEOS Crash Course on Deep Time: https://youtu.be/jDF-N3A60DE It's Okay To Be Smart on Deep Time: https://youtu.be/dI7SbZx_Qiw MinutePhysics on Cosmic Time: https://youtu.be/Cfg11qQwPzQ ________________________________ SUPPORT THE SCIENCE ASYLUM Patreon: https://ift.tt/1MayERM Advanced Theoretical Physics (Paperback): https://ift.tt/2XC9Ziz Advanced Theoretical Physics (eBook): https://ift.tt/1eSi8Hl Merchandise: https://ift.tt/2xLNAAP ________________________________ HUGE THANK YOU TO THESE PATRONS Warden of the Asylum: YDT Asylum Counselors: Matthew O'Connor Asylum Orderlies: William Morton Einsteinium Crazies: Albert B. Cannon, LT MarshMan, Ken Davis, Wacky, Eoin O'Sullivan, Ilya Yashin Plutonium Crazies: Al Davis, Kevin MacLean, JKLMN Anderson Platinum Crazies: Kyle Bowles, Jon Adams, Mr. Orn Jonasar, Rick Dinning, Eugene Boone, Fletch, Felipe Cruz, Vittorio Monaco, Stephen Blinn, Mikayla Eckel Cifrese ________________________________ OTHER SOURCES https://ift.tt/2jUmu50 https://ift.tt/39RrOjS https://ift.tt/3frjrMS https://ift.tt/31fjq9R https://ift.tt/2X7PZUJ https://ift.tt/33jRfcr https://ift.tt/2sYPUCH https://ift.tt/3hZO0ef ________________________________ LINKS TO COMMENTS https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cep6eECGtw4&lc=UgzdwBOVpbQt0HlWUUh4AaABAg ________________________________ IMAGE CREDITS Geologic Time Spiral: https://ift.tt/2j8zpnX
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mbe6ZbGuQFg

Liked on YouTube: The Fastest Things In The Universe!

The Fastest Things In The Universe!
Did you know that some galaxies move relative to us faster than the speed of light? Interesting huh?! Actually, the universe is getting bigger all the time. Some of the nearest galaxies to the Milky Way are receding at a rate surpassing 240,000 kilometers per hour. And those are the slow pokes; the most distant galaxies actually zoom away from us faster than the speed of light. It’s important to bear in mind that this high-speed galactic exodus breaks no laws of physics, however, from its viewpoint; the universe itself is expanding, that is the very spacetime fabric upon which all of existence is stitched. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subscribe for more videos:https://www.youtube.com/c/InsaneCuriosity?sub_confirmation=1? Business Enquiries: lorenzovareseaziendale@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The fastest moving Hot Jupiter is called WASP-12b which orbits an unremarkable star known as “2 MASS J06303279+2940202” or “MASS J0630” ,for short, located 870 light years from Earth in the constellation Auriga. The term WASP refers to “ Wide Angle Search for Planets” and the number “12” is because this was the 12th star for which the WASP project discovered an orbiting planet, moreover, the “b” letter is placed to indicate that the planet is the second object known in this star system. For example, “WASP-12a” would be the parent star itself. Meanwhile, if a second planet were discovered around this star it would be called “WASP-12c”. It’s worth mentioning that WASP-12b is far too faint to be directly observed via any telescope and that’s because its parent star outshines it by a factor of 3000. Instead, it was discovered through a simple, but not easily applicable, technique called the transit method. 3- The fastest Earth-sized planet, discovered by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope, is called Kepler-78b which is so close to its parent star that a year on that exoplanet lasts about 8.5 hours, making it the one of the fastest exoplanets ever seen. The planet is far outside the habitable zone of its parent star, where liquid water and maybe life could exist. Due to these findings, scientists have described the Kepler-78b as a “lava planet”. However, a good relieving discovery for scientists is that the parent star of this planet is bright enough for other telescopes to closely spot and observe its surface along with the other undiscovered planets that could exist in this star’s system. Due to the fact that Kepler-78b is bearing a resemblance to the earth from a size perspective, it’s more likely to be a hot Earth. Actually, it’s about 100 times closer to its star than the Earth is to the Sun; in addition to this, it’s orbiting a star system that’s about 750 million years old which is about six times younger than the solar system. The planet's surface temperature reaches from 2,026 to 2,826 degrees celsius. 4- Due to the homogeneity and isotropy of our universe, measuring any dynamical property of a celestial body depends on a particular reference frame, such that, there’s no preferred point in our universe. For example; when we measure the speed of an object, the answer depends on our point of view. One physical concept to understand is the Doppler effect which is, by definition, an increase or decrease in the frequency of sound, light or other waves as the source and observer move “towards” or “ away from” each other. The effect causes a sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the Red Shift seen by astronomers. Bearing this concept in mind, any claims of a cosmic speed record need to be qualified by the point of view from which they were measured. In particular, we have illustrated how the exoplanet WASP-12b orbits its parent star at an extremely fast speed which is actually measured from the perspective of the parent star itself. You may ask yourself, if we are going to consider the relative velocity of the astronomical objects at hand, such as exoplanets and their parent stars, then what if the star is also moving across space at some high speed? Actually, this is a very good question. From an external point of view, our Sun is considered to be a racing star. As is every star we can normally see with the naked eye, the Sun is in orbit around the centre of the Milky Way galaxy. Additionally, the Milky Way rotates at an extremely slow rate that our solar system takes more than 200 million years to complete one cycle around the centre of the galaxy. Credit: NASA/GSFC/Frank Reddy Credits: David A. Aguilar/ CFA Credits: Ron Miller Credits: tng / A. Harutyunyan Credits: nobel foundation archive #InsaneCuriosity #TheFastestObjectsinTheUniverse
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQWbQehgfsU

Liked on YouTube: Genome Comparison

Genome Comparison
Dear World, No matter how people keep on judging each other for the color of their skin or other features, science tells us we are the same. Not only within our own species, we also share more with other species than you might think. When looking at genomes we also learn that nature has no plan. Whatever works. All the beauty in nature has this foundation. There is a lot you can learn from this. The important part is to do something. Throw things on the wall and see what sticks. You will fail a lot. Just move on and try something else. There is no other way. If you want to support the channel, please consider joining my supporters on Patreon to get some background info and other goodies: Starts with 1$ :) ---------------------------------------------------------------- https://ift.tt/2nQUcvA ---------------------------------------------------------------- Other social Media: https://twitter.com/morn1415 https://ift.tt/2nZhIFJ https://ift.tt/2nOj6fq Outro Music: "Bush Week" by "Nihilore" is licensed under a Creative Commons Licence http://bit.ly/CCMusicLicense https://ift.tt/2yF3jTk https://youtu.be/dE0f8AqLtLI
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vk-6OW5bTxE

Liked on YouTube: The Hypergiant Black Hole - TON 618

The Hypergiant Black Hole - TON 618
Start your free trial today at https://ift.tt/2AUXsjh and use code SCIENCEPHILETHEAI, to get 10% off your first purchase. Sciencephile Merch: https://ift.tt/2Phcxzc You are probably very, very small – compared to the size of the Earth. If we were to take the supermassive black hole from the center of our galaxy and put it in the Sun’s place, it would engulf Mercury – and later the entire Solar System because of its gravity. But what about the biggest known black hole? Support me at Patreon: https://ift.tt/2vCJnzn Facebook: https://ift.tt/2nDEYbo Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/Sciencephile_ Reddit: https://ift.tt/39a1nnw Website: https://ift.tt/3hG1gp4 Music: - Piano Sonata No. 11 in A major, K. 331 III. Rondo. Alla turca - Piano Sonata No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 27 No. 2 Moonlight Supporters: Supporters: Tovi Sonnenberg, Jonas Lee, H H, Joshua Titus, Brian Shaner, Jax Tran, Parker Rosenbauer, Pavel Kočarian, Ishin Hazue, John N, Danh Le, Stealer of Fresh stolen Content, Brandon Ledyard, Ephellon and everyone else!
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ol9GgJtNc3k

Liked on YouTube: What If There Was a Time Machine on Earth? | Unveiled

What If There Was a Time Machine on Earth? | Unveiled
What would you do if you could travel in time? In this video, Unveiled imagines what life would be like if there was a time machine on Earth... How would it work? And in what ways would it change all of our lives? We would have the ability to travel backwards and forwards in time... but would that be for the good of humanity? This is Unveiled, giving you incredible answers to extraordinary questions! Find more amazing videos for your curiosity here: Did Ancient Civilizations Move Away From Earth? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UwqHWRHysqw What If Humanity Was A Type II Civilization? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6Aj_bnZ3Gs Are you constantly curious? Then subscribe for more from Unveiled ► https://wmojo.com/unveiled-subscribe #TimeMachine #TimeTravel #WhatIf
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDcflvrgnQI

Liked on YouTube: Why Did 8 Ancient Civilizations Mysteriously Collapse? | Unveiled

Why Did 8 Ancient Civilizations Mysteriously Collapse? | Unveiled
In just the last few thousand years, massive civilizations have crumbled and disappeared... but why?? In this video, Unveiled looks at the Ancient Mayans, the Olmecs, the Indus Valley Civilization, the North American city of Cahokia and more... to discover why great societies rise and fall. This is Unveiled, giving you incredible answers to extraordinary questions! Find more amazing videos for your curiosity here: Why is Earth the Only Planet With Life? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=In2iyra6SKU Did Ancient Civilisations Have Modern Technology? - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-w3hCpjsKtw Are you constantly curious? Then subscribe for more from Unveiled ► https://wmojo.com/unveiled-subscribe #AncientCivilization #AncientHistory #History #AncientTimes #Civilization #Mystery
via YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHJOVYMkMug