Liked on YouTube: How LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Works

How LHC (Large Hadron Collider) Works
The progress of technology in the last century has allowed human to build incredible machines and to do incredible things. It has allowed us to go to the Moon, for example, or to produce nuclear energy on Earth. But one of the most remarkable machine ever built by human is the LHC, the Large Hadron Collider. Want to know more about it and how it works? ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Subscribe for more videos:https://www.youtube.com/c/InsaneCuriosity?sub_confirmation=1? Business Enquiries: Lorenzovareseaziendale@gmail.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The Large Hadron Collider, commonly known as the LHC, is a gigantic particle accelerator built under the CERN, the largest laboratory of particle physics in the world, located in the suburb of Geneva, at the border between France and Switzerland. The LHC is an incredible machine, and with its ring of 27 kilometres of circumference, it is actually the largest collider in the world. But what is a collider, actually? In order to investigate in deep the fundamental structure of nature, physicist have to recreate conditions which are similar to those of the Big Bang. One way of doing it is to accelerate elementary particles to extremely high speeds (almost at the speed of light), and then make them clashing together: this is exactly what a collider does. By analysing the outcome of these collisions, scientists are then able to find new particles and to improve our understanding of the Universe. LHC has a circular shape. In its 27-kilometers ring, there are two beams of high-energy protons, travelling in opposite directions. In the collider, these particles are accelerated up to a speed of 99.999999% of the speed of light. How is this done? The main method used to accelerate particles is to use the so-called “radiofrequency cavities”, or “RF cavities”. In simple terms, these are tubes placed all along the collider, containing an electric field which changes direction periodically. There are 16 radiofrequency cavities at the LHC. When a particle with electric charge is immersed in an electric field, it is accelerated by it, and the direction depends on the sign of the charge: if the particle has positive charge, such as a proton, it is accelerated in the same direction as the field. If it has negative charge, such as an electron, it will go in the opposite direction. If the particle has no charge, this method wouldn’t work, since the particle would not feel the effect of the electric field. When protons enter these cavities, an electric field is turned on, accelerating the particles in the desired direction. Each time protons enter a new RF cavity, they gain a bit more of energy thanks to the electric field. Eventually, after they have completed thousands of revolutions and entered these cavities thousands time, they reach a final speed which is almost the same as the speed of light. That is not enough, however, to make a collider. In fact, particles tend to go straight normally, not in a circle. Without any additional system, these protons would quickly crash against the walls of the ring. So, how to keep them in a circular trajectory? This is done by using magnetic fields. Contrary to electric fields, in fact, magnetic fields do not accelerate particles with electric charge; instead, they just deflect them, so that they change direction. Here, strong magnets are used to deflect the protons and keep them along the circular ring of LHC. However, in order to be able to create magnetic fields strong enough to deflect these high energetic protons, scientists need to use special magnets in the LHC. These magnets operate in the so-called “superconducting state”, a particular state in which they have almost zero loss of electrical power. This can only be achieved by keeping them at very low temperatures: in this case, about degrees! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "If You happen to see any content that is yours, and we didn't give credit in the right manner please let us know at Lorenzovareseaziendale@gmail.com and we will correct it immediately" "Some of our visual content is under an Attribution-ShareAlike license. (https://ift.tt/1jttIpt) in its different versions such as 1.0, 2.0, 3,0, and 4.0 – permitting commercial sharing with attribution given in each picture accordingly in the video." Credits: Mark A. Garlick / markgarlick.com Credits: Ron Miller Credits: Nasa/Shutterstock/Storyblocks/Elon Musk/SpaceX/Esa Credits: Flickr #InsaneCuriosity
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